Health Behaviors Are The Beliefs And Actions Regarding

Health behaviors are the beliefs and actions regarding your personal well being. These behaviors often stem from adolescence. Observing your mother’s sedentary behavior or watching your father eat a family-size bag of chips in one sitting easily becomes second nature as you grow older. Luckily, it is easy to examine and alter negative behaviors with today’s technology. There are many documentaries, books, and quizzes (among many other means) offering a way to drop a negative habit and pick up a healthy one. After taking the â€Å"Evaluate Your Lifestyle† quiz, my results stated I possess good health habits. My scores ranged from nine to ten points in each category. Being a health conscious person, this made me happy with my†¦show more content†¦In my early late teens to early twenties I started to limit my intake of soda after learning about the damage it would potentially cause inside my body. I first realize I needed to drink more water after a visit t o my local salon to get my eyebrows waxed. While I thought nothing of it, the esthetician questioned my water intake. After stating I drank very little, she said she knew by my skin. As a woman, this thought blew up in my head. If she could notice my limited water intake by looking at my skin – I wondered what my insides looked like. Naturally, I raced home to chug enough water to fill a bathtub. After a few days, this practice ceased and I continued to not drink nearly enough water for my body. Water may not provide energy, but it is essential to our survival. The benefits include: the balance of bodily fluids, flushes out toxins in body, clearer skin, and overall hydration. Hydration improves performance (Liquid Energy 2005). The recommended water intake for a female my age and size is seventy-two fluid ounces (Water 2014). Low water intake can induce levels of the hormone vasopressin go up with dehydration, and may cause blood sugar to rise (Environmental Nutrition 2012). Symptoms of stress, which can be overcome with a balanced diet and by drinking enough water in a day (Combat Stress 2013). Some of my current health issues related to water intake include acne, allergies, and my mentality. For one week, I chose toShow MoreRelatedLow Income Black And Hispanic Adolescent Females Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifically focusing on teens who live in the south? Well, Geography matters! According to the national center for health statistics teen pregnancy is highest in the southern states vs. the Northeastern or Midwestern states. While the average teen birth rate was 24.2% nationwide it was between 30-39% in the southern United States. Currently, only 18 states and D.C. require that education regarding contraception is included in a sex education curriculum. Many southern states such as Florida, Georgia, andRead MoreThe Health Of Free Tuberculosis Screenings1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe health belief model was developed in the 1950’s and is considered one of the most recognized health behavior theories in the field (NIH, 2005). The model was initially created by social psychologists Hochbaum, Rosenstock, and Kegels for the U.S. Public Health Service to determine why free tuberculosis screenings were not successful. The model’s usage has grown to incorporate the long and short term behaviors in individuals with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and osteoporosis. The health belief model’sRead MoreThe Health Belief Model Is Used For Healt h Promotion And Health Education738 Words   |  3 PagesThe Health Belief Model is commonly used for health promotion and health education. Its’ underlying concept is that health behavior is explained by perception of the disease and the strategies available to lower its occurrence. 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In a study done by Kelly Rhea MacArthur evaluating the role of trust in HPV vaccine decision making among college students, it was found that perceived severity and perceived efficacy are two barriers that can be addressed by forming a trusting relationship with a health care provider (MacArthur, 2017)Read MoreThe Health Belief Model ( Hbm ) Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesaddressed with the Health Belief Model (HBM), which encourages preventive health actions in order to prevent unwanted adverse conditions, with the idea that action depends on the value and expectanc y of the behavior. The HBM attempts to explain and predict behaviors by focusing on attitudes and beliefs of individuals that are represented by six distinct constructs. These constructs include, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacyRead MoreApplication Of The Health Belief Model. The Chosen Case1316 Words   |  6 PagesApplication of the Health Belief Model The Chosen Case Study and Applicable Theorist In the following paper, Marshall H. Becker’s theory of the â€Å"Health Belief Model† is going to be applied to a case study involving a burn patient. In the case study, the burn patient is a 2-year-old Native American girl that has a large second degree burn on her right foot. After being cared for in the Emergency Department, the mother was provided discharge instructions on how to care for wound. She was also notifiedRead MoreSubstance Abuse Disorder ( Samhsa )1597 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the SAMHSA (2010) report on the national survey on drug use and health almost 22.5 million people are reported to be associated with substance abuse disorder (SAMHSA, 2010). This illness was found to be very common in all age groups, both sex, and seniors. There are several effects on these individuals and their families. Many people who suffer from substance abuse disorders fail to acknowledge these serious consequences. First of all, no response of pain relief can be se en with smallerRead MoreThe Health Belief Model ( Hbm )968 Words   |  4 PagesThere are six Constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM), a psychological modal that assists on the prediction of health behaviors such as â€Å"why people will take action to prevent, to screen for, or to control illness conditions† (Glanz, Rimer, Viswanath, 2008). The first construct of the HBA is Perceived Susceptibility, which is the idea or belief that a person thinks that they can’t get a certain illness or have a problem, they often will not take account to prevent it. Second, Perceived SeverityRead MoreAfter reviewing the results and noting only one sufficient correlation, the discussion regarding1200 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussion regarding intent and future behavior then arises. There are so many negative repercussions that alcohol is associated with so one cannot doubt the need for further research regarding this topic. Researchers have been further examining alcohol usage by utilizing the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The theory of planned behavior further examines behavioral cues and examines one’s perceived behavioral control, intentions, attitudes and subjective norms to try and predict future behavior. (Johnston

The Age Of Women s Rights - 1192 Words

The novel was written and is set in the decade following World War I, which ended in November 1918. The Jazz Age, a term coined by Fitzgerald, was a period of enormous social change in America, especially in the area of women’s rights. Before World War I, American women did not enjoy universal suffrage. In 1920, two years after the end of the war, they were finally given the vote. Before the war, standard dress for women included long skirts, tightly laced corsets, high-buttoned shoes, and long hair. A few years after the war, skirts became shorter, laced corsets began to disappear, modern footwear frequently replaced high-buttoned shoes, and â€Å"bobbed† hair became the fashion for young women. Perhaps most alarming for proponents of the old ways, was that women’s behavior began to change. During 1920s, great changes were taken places in American economy, society and cultures, which also impacted American women’ lives. At that time, new features occurred in women’s family, appearance and behavior. Thanks to great achievement of the technology, washing machines, vacuum cleaners and refrigerators became commonplace in every family. These things released women’s hands and freed them from endless housework. Thus they got more time to take care of themselves and their appearance. A author written that they used to wrap their hair in knobs fantastic, high, and queer, but now they cut it in bobs or curl it round their ears. The things they do and wear today, would make their fogyShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Within The Viking Age924 Words   |  4 Pagesof men over women had been accepted to such a degree that it appeared to be the natural order of th ings . Popular imagination was of male Viking warriors with their long beards, large axes, colorful shields, and bloodied swords. The presence of women was limited within the scope of early works. 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Health Care Delivery and Reform for NRHM- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHealth Care Delivery and Reform for NRHM. Answer: Introduction: National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was initiated in 2005 by Government of India. Main objective of the NRHM was to provide affordable and quality healthcare services to the people in rural India. Strategy of this healthcare delivery system is to involve different sectors and to achieve collaboration among these sectors and organisations to provide uniform health and family welfare services through single window. This system aimed at providing sustainable healthcare delivery to the rural Indians; however, this system didnt imagine potential hurdles and challenges in its implementation. However, foundation laid down by NRHM can be taken forward to improve healthcare delivery system in India to the next level. It can be considered as the road map to achieve varied goals of health and welfare in India. It is an appreciable effort by the Government of India to build the necessary infrastructure to provide uniform health services to all classes of people in the rural India. NRHM should b e given full credit for initiating efforts for empowering healthcare system in rural India specifically in the poor states. NRHM gave importance to the community participation and involvement of different sectors to achieve health indicators in most of the sates. NRHM can be taken forward by not only to give more attention for capacity building in terms of infrastructure and technical aspects but also to build skilled healthcare professionals which are one of the important components for providing sustained healthcare services. Body : NRHM was aimed to improve the accessibility of the people in the rural region like poor, children and women for quality healthcare services and utilization of these healthcare services in the sustained manner (Garg and Laskar, 2011). NRHM performs its functions through different important national healthcare delivery programmes like Reproductive and Child Health II project (RCH II), the National Disease Control Programs (NDCP) and the Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP). Aim of the NDCP is to provide preventive and curative efforts for control of diseases like filarisis, encephalitis, dengue, kalazar, leprosy, tuberculosis, blindness, iodine deficiency disorders, and polio. Healthcare delivery was planned through different centres like village health sub centres (VHSCs), recruitment and functioning of ASHAs, constitution of registered Rogi Kalyan Samities at district hospitals (DHs), Sub-Divisional Hospitals (SDHs), community health centres (CHCs) and primary health centre s (PHCs) (NRHM, 2011). NRHM put future picture of involvement of communities in providing quality healthcare services to the people of rural India. One of the most significant strategy of NRHM to improve capacity and capability of Panchayati Raj Institutions to participate and contribute in public health services. NRHM involves both Government professional bodies and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to monitor and evaluate implementation of the NRHM scheme. It also depends on the community stakeholders for monitoring delivery of healthcare services and provision of healthcare services (Doke et al., 2015). District level annual report preparation is the responsibility of Government departments and NGOs. State and national reports are being presented in the State Legislative Assemblies and the Parliament. At national level activities are being controlled by joint Mission Steering Group, headed by the Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare and at state level activities are being controlled by Health Mission headed by the Chief Minister. At district level activities are being controlled by Chairman of the Zilla Parishad, and District Head of the Health Department (NRHM, 2005). NRHM is also aimed at mainstreaming traditional system of medicine which is called AYUSH which comprises of different systems of medicine like Ayurvedic, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy systems of health. Main focus was given to the maternal and child health and family welfare by improving participation from the different community members and improving coordinated efforts by professional from different sectors like medicine, pharmacy, social, physiotherapy, nutrition and psychology. Healthcare services enabled by the NRHM can be availed at primary, secondary and tertiary health care levels. Though, objective of the NRHM is provide affordable and accountable healthcare services to the people across the country main attention was given to the 18 states with low socioeconomic status. These states include 8 North Eastern states, 8 empowered action group (EAG) states and 2 hilly states. Empowered action group (EAG) states include Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh. Two hilly states include Himachal Pradesh and Jammu Kashmir. Public health expenditure in India reduced from 1.3 % of GDP in 1990 to 0.9 % in 1999. However, in NRHM it was aimed at improving public health expenditure from 0.9 % of GDP to 2-3 % of GDP. Aim of the improvement of the budget to improve health system and health status of the rural people (NHA, 2005). There was major implementation issue while implementing NRHM. It was not uniformly implemented in different states of India. Different states had their healthcare delivery strategy. Hence, it was difficult to implement NRHM uniformly throughout the India. For example, Tamil Nadu has Tamil Nadu health systems project (TNHSP) as a health delivery system. Though TNHSP and NRHM together brought improved results in improving health status and well being of the rural people; there were few basic variabilities in NRHM implementation owing to existence of schemes and strategies in the form of TNHSP. ASHA one of the components of the NRHM was not implemented in the Tamil Nadu because presence o f grass root workers namely village health nurses (VHN). Primary health centres (PHCs) are one of the major components of the design of NRHM for providing healthcare services. PHCs are the primary resource centre for the accessibility of healthcare services by rural people. In Tamil Nadu, it was evident that PHC load was augmented from 0.87 lakhs in 2005-2006 to 3.87 lakhs in 2008-2009. It indicates that NRHM played significant role in improving PHC load. From this it can be concluded that incorporation of PHC in the design and strategy of NRHM proved to be beneficial. Children being immunized gone down from 11.2 lakhs in 2007-08 to 10.1 lakhs in 2008-09. However, analysis of the data indicated that this decline in immunization was not due to implementation of NRHM; however, this decline was due to reduced fertility rate. Prior to implementation of NRHM also, there was improved quality of health services in Tamil Nadu. However, due to implementation of NRHM proved to be significantl y improved accessibility and quality of care. This improvement was observed mainly due to design and functioning of the NRHM. Functioning of NRHM was implemented at three different levels like primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare centres. It helped in improving accessibility of healthcare services by all classes of people. In NRHM multiple aspects were being incorporated; however, budget was not segregated effectively for different aspects. AYUSH system was incorporated in NRHM; however sufficient budget was not allocated for AYUSH. Hence, it was difficult to make proper plan for implementing AYUSH in rural areas. However, in lately in 2008-09 budget was allocate for improvement of infrastructure and manpower in AYUSH sector (Samal, 2015). Proper design and functioning of the NRHM helped in effective utilization of budget allocated under NRHM scheme for Tamil Nadu. Supply chain functioning of the NRHM system in Tamil Nadu seems to be worked efficiently. It has been observed th at drugs and other requirements were effectively supplied to PHCs after implementation of the NRHM (Gopalakrishnan and Immanuel, 2018; NRHM, 2011). NRHM proved to be effective in bringing face-lift in rural health in India. It enabled effective healthcare with uniform access to healthcare services to the rural population. Different aspects of the healthcare were assigned to the different healthcare schemes and missions. Hence, specific attention was given to each healthcare sector. For example, improvement in the indicators related to maternal and child health and fertility were achieved due to implementation of specific schemes and mission like ASHA and welfare scheme Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) (Nagarajan et al., 2015). Improvement in the health and wellbeing can be effectively achieved by improving accessibility to both health and social services. Structure of ASHA was designed in such a way that that there is provision for providing both health and social intervention for the people in the rural India. Social intervention can be effectively implemented by improving community participation. Community participation is one of the important components for the success of any programme. NRHM could not implement uniform functioning in all the schemes and healthcare centres. Successful implementation of the integrated health and social services in the ASHA was not effectively implemented in PHCs and panchayats. It indicates, there is scope for the improvement in the design of NRHM. All the centres which come under NRHM need to be provided with basis infrastructure, facilities and workforce to provide health and social services. Any mission and scheme can be effectively implemented and completed by giving authority and freedom (Shukla, 2005; Nandan, 2010). NRHM healthcare delivery system was designed in such a way that at each level of healthcare service decentralisation of the activities were implemented. This decentralised functioning of the NRHM proved to be successful because at each level task were performed with more responsibility and ownership. It helped to improve the accountability of panchayat raj a nd reduce the burden of State and Union Government. This decentralised functioning proved successful because workforce at the panchayat level knows the community well and healthcare services were provided in more effective manner due to intersectoral collaboration at the panchayat level. NRHM strengthened CHC as the first referral units (FRU). It helped in the improving capacity of the secondary healthcare systems and improving quality of care. However, it doesnt proved to be true for all the FRUs because in few of the districts due to long distance and less number of FRUs proved to be limiting factors for availing services at FRUs. Hence, number of FRUs need to be increased with availability of all resources and workforce (Shukla et al., 2012). In NRHM, PHC proved to be most widely healthcare centre for availing healthcare services under this scheme. However, in few of the rural areas PHCs proved to limiting factors for availing healthcare services. Main reason for availing insufficient healthcare services at the PHCs is scarcity of basic infrastructure and resources for availing healthcare services. Hence, PHCs need to be upgraded with all the modern facilities and resources. PHCs can be effectively improved through public private partnership based on the leasing model. It can be helpful in improving standards of PHCs without losing its identity. It is very important to reserve identity of the PHCs because in rural India, PHCs are the most accessible healthcare centres and rural people give more preferences to the PHCs in comparison to the private health centres. Healthcare services are workforce driven services. Hence, efficient workforce need to produce for the improving the functioning of the NRHM. It is evident that me dical professionals are not willing to work in the rural area. It can adversely affect outcome of NRHM. Hence, for these medical professionals compulsion need to be made for working at the PHCs. This practice is being already implemented; however increased duration of stay of medical professionals at PHCs can be helpful in improving outcome of the PHCs and NRHM (Sundararaman and Gupta, 2011). Increasing incentives of medical professionals and providing them with improved facilities can also be helpful in improving outcome of NRHM. This manpower need to be trained not only in medical services but also in administrative services; hence PHCs in the remote areas can be effectively managed by these people. In remote areas people seeking healthcare services can be less; hence posting people for each department can put burden on the national economy. Hence, these medical professionals with training in both medical and administrative departments can prove to be more cost-effective manner (N ayar, 2013). Hence, NRHM budget can be effectively shifted to the most desirable section. Alternative healthcare professionals need to be produced for occupying positions in the rural PHCs. Healthcare professionals from the alternative system of medicine need to be upgraded both in knowledge, skills and technological advances to the level of medical professionals. It can be achieved by implementing bridge course for these alternative medicine professionals. Hence, scarcity problem of healthcare professionals at the PHCs can be effectively resolved. After Alma Ata Declaration in 1978, India is competing at the global level for providing Health for All. It can be effectively achieved through Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Goals 4 and 5 of MDG are being already covered in the NRHM. One of the major discrepancy for achieving this goal is regional variations in India. Hence, to eliminate these regional discrepancies, NRHM gave special attention to the states which were lagging behind in implementing NRHM schemes. Beyond MDG, in current scenario India need to meet the goals of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). According to goal 3 of the SDG, people of the age should live healthy life and with well-being. Hence, NRHM initiated efforts to achieve this goal. Policy makers and programme implementers of NRHM need to ensure credible, accountable and quality in health services through this health delivery service. Policy makers and programme implementers should amend the NRHM strategies and activities keeping in mind SDG and should work in with commitment and political will. In current scenario to meet the global standards with respect to MDG and SDG, NRHM should address the following recommendations : percentage GDP expenditure on the public health, increase in budget allocation to each state, increase in resource allocation at panchayat and district levels, resources need to be allocated based on public health studies and needs of the local people, improved utilization of the allocated funds obligation and insuring social protection of public health sector. NRHM should work towards availing health services in timely and easy manner which are nearer to each people. Hence, NRHM need to give attention to provide healthcare services at the village levels. Hence, healthcare sub-centre need to be set-up at each village. Access mapping need to be used to improve accessibility of the healthcare centres and outreach centres. Modification of the healthcare facilities infrastructure need to be modified based on the req uirements of the population and standards of access. It can be helpful in the availing healthcare services at the village level without moving to urban healthcare facilities to access emergency healthcare services. It can surely reduce mortality rate to the standards of MDG and SDG goals (Roy, 2015). Hence, India can compete effectively with the other countries in providing quality healthcare services to all the people. NRHM strategies and activities are designed for all the population of the rural India. However, in the current scenario, strategies and activities need to be amended based on the requirements and number of population. Primary and secondary care beds need to be increased based on the population in each district and epidemiological background of each district. Optimum utilization of the provided resources is very important in designing any type of scheme and mission for public health. Initially, 500 beds for every 10 lakh population can be fixed. Utilization of these b eds in each district can be evaluated by establishing occupancy rate of these beds. Based on the data obtained in the occupancy rate, number of beds for each district level hospital can be amended. Maximum size of district hospital also need to be fixed and those districts with overburdened district hospitals, another hospital need to be opened. 30 beds in CHC and 200 beds in the district hospitals need to be fixed per 10 lakh population to avail quality healthcare services (D'Silva, 2013). Poor coordination and the integration with other healthcare institutes is the major hurdle for implementing effective NRHM policies. Integration of different sectors like nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene need to be achieved for implementing effective NRHM policies. NRHM was designed in such as way that there should be coordination among different related schemes like Total Sanitation Campaign, Integrated Child Development Services, Mid Day Meal, and National Disease Control Programmes for Malaria, TB, Kala Azar, Filaria, Blindness Iodine Deficiency and Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme. However, due to lack of coordination among different ministers and departments, effective implementation of NRHM scheme is questionable. Frame work of NRHM is designed to implement effective healthcare services at each level; however, there is no effective mechanism to assess or judge success of scheme at each level. Hence, evaluation and outcome strategies of the NRHM scheme need to be improved. Targets for each state need to be framed which can be helpful in the evaluation of each state in implementing NRHM scheme. Baseline surveys for health status of each state need to be carried out for evaluating outcome of NRHM. However, baselines surveys are not being completed for most of the states. Design and functioning of NRHM is being initiated as package of schemes. Hence, participatory activities need to be achieved from different stakeholders like Community, PRIs, government and non-governmental organizations. However, integration and collaboration of these different stakeholders is not evident in implementing NRHM scheme. Corruption in the utilization of the allocated budget can lead to the ineffective implementation of the scheme. Hence, authorities need to engage both civil societies and local people in the effective utilization of the allocated budget. However, it is evident that civil society engagement is not evident at the state level. Most of the times f unds are not being released at the proper time; hence not utilized in the proper way. Funds received after the completion of the priority tasks can result in the utilization of funds in the low priority tasks. Panchayat Raj Institutions are not adequately trained for the proper utilization of the funds (Dhingra and Dutta, 2011; Bahadur, 2010). Conclusion : NRHM contributed significantly for upgradation of the public health infrastructure of India. This scheme should be given its credit for empowering rural India to improve access to the required healthcare facilities and services. NRHM brings community participation and intersectoral collaboration in the healthcare services (Prasad et al., 2013). It helped in achieving healthcare indicators in most of the states. This foundation should be carried forward in capacity building not only in terms of infrastructure and technical improvement but also in training healthcare workforce. These improvements can be helpful in the providing sustainable healthcare services in rural India. Public private partnership need to be effectively implemented to improve quality of delivery of healthcare services. NRHM need to meet global standards of health through improved implementation of NRHM. References: Bahadur, A.S. (2010). National Rural Health Mission: a failing mission. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 7(3), 170-1. Dhingra, B., and Dutta, A.K. (2011). National rural health mission. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 78(12), 1520-6. Doke, P.P., Kulkarni, A.P., Lokare, P.O., Tambe, M., Shinde, R.R., and Khamgaonkar, M.B. (2014). Community based monitoring under national rural health mission in Maharashtra: status at primary health centers. Indian Journal Public Health, 58(1), 65-8. D'Silva, J. (2013). Can India pull off its ambitious National Health Mission? British Medical Journal, 346:f2134. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f2134. Garg, S., Laskar, A.R. (2010). Community Based Monitoring; Key to success of National Health Programs, Department of community Medicine, MAMC, New Delhi, India. Indian Journal Community Medicine, 35(2), pp. 214-6. Gopalakrishnan, S., and Immanuel, A.B. (2018). Progress of health care in rural India: a critical review of National Rural Health Mission. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 5, 4-11. Nandan, D. (2010). National Rural Health Mission: Turning into Reality. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 35(4), 453-4. Nagarajan, S., Paul, V.K., Yadav, N., and Gupta, S. (2015). The National Rural Health Mission in India: its impact on maternal, neonatal, and infant mortality. Seminars in Fetal Neonatal Medicine, 20(5), 315-20. Nayar, K.R. (2013). Universalizing health services in India: the techno-managerial fix. Indian Journal Public Health, 57(4), 248-53. Evaluation Study of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). (2011). In 7 States, Programme Evaluation Organisation, Planning Commission, New Delhi, 2011. Available at: https://planningcommission .nic.in/reports/peoreport/peoevalu/peo_2807.pdf Retrieved on 22April 2018. National Health Accounts India (NHA). (2005). National Health Accounts Cell, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, (26-27) Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi. Available at: https://planningcommission.nic. in/reports/genrep/health/National_Health_Account_ 04_05.pdf. Retrieved on 22 April 2018. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) (2005). Meeting people?s health needs in rural areas, Framework for Implementation. 2005-2012. 15-34. Available from: https://nhm.gov.in/images/pdf/about-nrhm/nrhmframework-implementation/nrhm-frameworklatest.pdf. Retrieved on 22 April 2018. Negandhi, P., Sharma, K., and Zodpey, S. (2012). An innovative National Rural Health Mission Capacity Development Initiative for improving Public Health Practice in India. Indian Journal Public Health, 56(2), 110-5. Prasad, A.M., Chakraborty, G., Yadav, S.S., Bhatia, S. (2013). Addressing the social determinants of health through health system strengthening and inter-sectoral convergence: the case of the Indian National Rural Health Mission. Global Health Action, 6, 1-11. Roy, P. (2015). Improvement in mortality indices in India, though National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) goal yet not achieved. National Medical Journal of India, 28(1), 51. Samal, J. (2015). Role of AYUSH workforce, therapeutics, and principles in health care delivery with special reference to National Rural Health Mission. Ayu, 36(1), 5-8. Shukla, A. (2005). The National Rural Health Mission- Hope or disappointment? Indian Journal Public Health, 49(3), 127-32. Sundararaman, T., and Gupta, G. (2011). Indian approaches to retaining skilled health workers in rural areas. Bulletin World Health Organization, 89(1), 73-7.

The Farming of Bones the Symbolic Portrayal of Waters Relation to Death vs. Life Essay Example

The Farming of Bones: the Symbolic Portrayal of Waters Relation to Death vs. Life Paper The Farming of Bones: the Symbolic Portrayal of Waters Relation to Death vs. Life â€Å"Death is not the greatest loss in life. The greatest loss is what dies inside us while we live. † (Norman Cousins) Death comes to us all, for some it marks the end of a life, for others it reveals the road to a new path in which the soul travels. However it leaves behind a trail of darkness regardless for those who have experienced the loss. Through enduring the death and tragedies of those around us, we are tested by our emotions. The character Amabelle experiences the trauma of death and tragedy many times through water in her journey and Danticat shows us how it affects her in the novel. In a time where there was much death and tragedy, Danticat’s depictions gives us insight into just how horrific the events were that took place during the period of the novel. In Edwidge Danticat’s The Farming of Bones, water is viewed upon as a symbol of death vs. life and is a common theme in the novel especially in reference to the Massacre River. The Farming of Bones by Edwidge Danticat revolves around the true events that occurred in 1937 in the Dominican Republic. The dictator at the time was a man named Rafael Trujillo who ordered his troops to massacre as many as 15,000 Haitians living in the Dominican Republic. We will write a custom essay sample on The Farming of Bones: the Symbolic Portrayal of Waters Relation to Death vs. Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Farming of Bones: the Symbolic Portrayal of Waters Relation to Death vs. Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Farming of Bones: the Symbolic Portrayal of Waters Relation to Death vs. Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The killings were brutal and left survivors with psychological trauma after experiencing the massacre. (Hewett 123) In The Farming of Bones, Danticat does an exceptional job with supplying the reader with details of just how horrific this massacre was, giving us an imagery of death by Trujillo’s soldiers and the brutal acts done upon Haitians living in the Dominican Republic. The character Amabelle shares her story and sorrow through her memories and present as she makes her way to the border in hopes of surviving the struggle. The loss of Amabelle’s parents in the Massacre River is the first hint Danticat gives us to support that water has a negative symbolism in the novel. As the narrator in the novel, we as the reader get a more personal in depth understanding of how the Massacre River has brought sorrow and death into her life. Amabelle dwells a great deal on the death of her parents. She has many memories and dreams that are thrown into the story and give us a greater insight to the development of her as a character. Her dreams are recollections of her mother and father drowning in the river that is on the order between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. She watches them drown but does not cross the river in which they are taken from her. â€Å"The ongoing trauma of her parents drowning manifests itself in recurring dreams about these events as well as Amabelle’s attitude towards water-rivers, waterfalls, and lakes, which can be understood not just as a symptomatic repetition of loss but also her own desire for a place of safety. † (Heather Hewett) We can see how water here plays a role in the book as a symbol of death through Amabelle’s experiences. Danticat repeats this theme of water being the bringer of death throughout the story. Danticat symbolizes water once again as a means of death when Trujillo’s soldiers have Haitian captures at the edge of a cliff, with jagged rocks and the sea beneath them. The bodies that lay motionless at the bottom of the cliff, scarred and torn with cuts, men and women cried in terror for their lives, for if they did not meet there end at the bottom of the sea, they surely would by the soldiers machetes. The choices that had to be made were far greater than anything most of us could understand, however Danticat gives us verbal imagery of just how horrific it must have been to make such a decision and knowing that one way or another, death was on the way. Dealing with the death of Odette, and taking her life to save her own, Amabelle’s character was forever changed. In some aspects, Amabelle never made it out of the river herself because she is forever changed after the trauma. She takes the life of Odette in order to save her own when crossing the river. There are guards standing with guns on top the river bridge, and this is where the life of Odette along with Tibon and Wilner are taken. Odette begins to choke under the water after Wilner is shot, which in turn is causing her cover to be blown, and in an attempt to save herself from being discovered, Amabelle shoves her head under the water so that the guards would not hear the noise. This scene marked a great change in Amabelle’s character. Taking a life for the first time, and the irony of it taking place in water, drowning the way her parents had drown support the idea of water being a symbol of death and tragedy in the novel. The event causes Amabelle to distance herself even more from the events that take place, and numbs her to the surroundings. When Sebastian does not return to the waterfalls, Amabelle becomes instilled with a sense of reality that her lover is truly gone and water once again is portrayed as a symbol of death and sorrow. Before the massacre takes place, Sebastian and Amabelle fall in love and help one another heal from the earlier tragedy. They become engaged and make love at the site of the falls. The water again here is present and can be symbolized as an element of two people coming together. However when Amabelle returns to the same falls in hopes of meeting Sebastian, she is sadly disappointed. Her hopes of Sebastian surviving the massacre are still embedded deep within her, but the truth is that he had passed and all that was left for Amabelle was the presence she felt when revisiting the memories they had made at the waterfall. â€Å"Water the destroyer, in the form of the river – ironically named Massacre – in which Amabelle’s parents drown, and in which, later, many of the escaping Haitians loser their lives. But there is also the waterfall on the Dominican side, behind which Amabelle and Sebastian make love for the first time. (Divakaruni 1) The waterfall cannot symbolize a happier time because it will be a constant reminder of Sebastian and only feed Amabelle’s pain of loss. The water constitutes as a symbol of death here again in Danticat’s The Farming of Bones. Amabelle has always been one to hold onto her dreams and past beca use she feels it is all she has to remember where she has come from. Amabelle comments â€Å"You may be surprised what we use our dreams to do, how we drape them over our sight and carry them like amulets to protect us from evil spells. (Danticat 265) Amabelle dreams symbolize her way of dealing with death and how she is able to hold onto the past. She continues to dream despite the sorrow and loss of her parent’s and Sebastian’s death. She feels she must do so because it is the only story she holds that is completely hers, and wants to hold onto that for as long as she can. Towards the end of the novel when Amabelle revisits the Massacre River where so many were killed along with her parents. The water here is very symbolic and can be looked upon as a symbol of death vs. ife because of the actions taken by Amabelle. She lays her body in the water as she slips herself into the current. â€Å"I looked to my dreams for softness, for a gentler embrace, for relief from the fear of mudslides and blood bubbling out of the riverbed, where it is said the dead add their tears to the river flow. † (Danticat 310) Amabelle at this point is ready to be reunited with her parents and Sebastian. She is allowing the water to o nce again play its role as a symbol of death and bring her peace after living a life of loss and struggle. She was â€Å"looking for the dawn† (Danticat 310), a new beginning, and would find it only in death. The irony of the novel is that water had taken the lives of so many in the story, and in the conclusion of it all, Danticat allows its heroine Amabelle to pass away in it. â€Å"Death is not the greatest loss in life. The greatest loss is what dies inside us while we live. † (Norman Cousins) Amabelle’s character was in constant change throughout the novel, and as the story progressed, we as the reader could make the depictions in her change and how after each loss, she died a little more inside. The death of her parents and Sebastian leaves Amabelle torn, and suggests that she is emotionally removed from everything that is occurring around her. At the end of the story, she gives her life to the Massacre River because she has nothing more to live for. In Edwidge Danticat’s The Farming of Bones, water is viewed upon as a symbol of death vs. life and is a common theme in the novel especially in reference to the Massacre River. Research Paper on The Farming of Bones: The Symbolic Portrayal of Water’s Relation to Death vs. Life By Habib Agha Literary Perspectives Professor Nevarez April 29th 2010

Explain the sequence and rate Essay Example

Explain the sequence and rate Essay Example Explain the sequence and rate Essay Explain the sequence and rate Essay Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development that would normally be expected in children and young people from birth 19 years By McLaughlin unit Title MUM 5. 2 Assessment Criteria 1. 1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development that would normally be expected in children and young people from birth 19 years. Physical development is the increase in size which takes place as a child develops. It is the way the body increases in skill and becomes more complex in its performance. Whole body movements are described as gross motor skills and fine motor skills are he use of hands in co-ordination with the eyes to perform very delicate procedures with their fingers, with the eyes influencing the precise movements of the fingers. Physical development (gross motor) O 19 years At birth Reflex actions are: Child has rooting, sucking, and swallowing reflexes Child has grasping reflex If pulled to sit up, childs head falls backwards If held in sitting position, childs head falls forward Child laying on their back their limbs is bent Child laying on their front lies in a fetal position with knees tucked up. Child is unable to raise head or stretch limbs. At 1 month Child lying on tummy, lifts chin Child lying on back, head moves to one side Childs arm and leg extended on face side Child begins to flex upper and lower limbs unit Title MUM. Held sitting, child keeps head straight, back and neck firm. Childs lower back is still weak. When child is lying, pelvis is flat At 6 months Child on their back can lift head and shoulders Child on their tummy can rise up on hands Child sits with support Child kicks strongly and may roll over from tummy to back / back to tummy When held, child enjoys standing and Jumping Child will brings feet to mouth when on back At 9 months Child will sit unsupported and begins to crawl Child will pull them up to stand, falls back with bump At 1 year Child walks holding 1 hand may walk alone Child bends down and picks up objects Child pulls to stand and sits deliberately At 15 months Child walking is usually well established Child can crawl up stairs frontwards and down stairs backwards Child kneels unaided Child has poor balance, falls heavily At 18 months Child can climb up and down stairs with hand held and runs carefully Child pushes, pulls and carries large toys Child can sit into a small chair and can squat to pick up toys At 2 years each step while holding the wall/rail Child squats with ease and rises without using ands Child can climb up on furniture and get down again Child will steer a tricycle pushing along with their feet Child can throw a small ball overran, and kick a large ball At 3 years Child has competent locomotive skills Child can Jump off lower steps Child still uses two feet to a step coming down stairs Child pedals and steers tricycle At 4 ye ars Childs motor muscles are well controlled Child can turn sharp corners when running Child hops on favored foot and balances for three increased skill at ball games Child sits with knees crossed At 5 years five seconds Child has Child can touch their toes keeping their legs straight Child can hop on either foot and can skip Child runs on their toes Childs ball skills are developing well Child can walk along a thin line At 6 years Child Jumps over stick of approve. CM high Child learning to skip with rope At 7 years At 8 13 years Childs physical skills are developing and improving and their body strength will have increased along with balance and co-ordination At 13- 19 years Teenagers become much stronger and develop gross motor skills through a wide range of sports. Between childhood and adulthood is referred to as adolescence. Physical development at this stage is very different for each individual. As some may be Just beginning to mature physically others may have already rea ched full physical maturity. Boys normally begin adolescence at around 14 years of age which is sometimes later than most girls. When they have reached the end of this growth period however they are usually bigger than girls. Their body shape will change as their muscles grow and they will develop body hair. Their strength and co-ordination will increase greatly and their voice will change to become deeper. In the early stages of puberty testicles and scrotum will begin to grow and penis growth will start later but will continue for longer. Girls breasts will begin to swell from around the age of 10/11 years and continue throughout adolescence. They will develop hair in their pubic region and their body shape will change to become more rounded and curvy. Some girls may physically mature by the age of 15 years and nearly all girls will be at their full adult height at this age. Some girls will continue to develop larger breasts and a fuller figure. This is dependent on the age at which a girl begins puberty. There can be a huge variation for this happening, ranging from the age of 8 years to late teens. The average for girls to begin menstruation is around 13 years. Physical development (fine motor) O 19 years At birth reflex actions are: A babys pupils will react to light and will open their eyes when held upright A baby will blink or open their eyes wide to sudden sound and will give a startled reaction to sudden sound A babys eyes will close to sudden bright light 1 month A babys hands are fisted and their eyes move to dangling objects months A baby will grasp an object when placed in their hand and turn their head right round to look at objects A babys eye contact is firmly established 6 months A baby has learned to grasp objects and passes toys from hand to hand A babys usual sense is well established and they will follow objects with eyes without moving their head 9 months A baby is visually attentive and looks for fallen objects A baby will grasp with thumb and index finger and hold their bottle/cup A baby releases a toy by dropping it A baby is beginning to finger-feed 1 year A child picks up small objects, has a fine pincer grip and holds a spoon Child will point at objects unit Title 5. 2 15 months Child can build a tower of two blocks and turns pages off book Child can place objects precisely where they want them Child can use their spoon which sometimes rotates in their hand 18 months Child can build a tower of three blocks without them falling Child will scribble to and fro spontaneously on any surface Child begins to show preference for one hand and can drink without spilling 2 years Child can turn the pages off book one at a time Child can build a tower of six blocks without falling Child holds pencil with first two fingers and thumb near to point 3 years Child can cut paper with scissors and builds a tower of nine blocks and a bridge with 3 blocks Child has good pencil control and can thread 3 large beads on a string 4 years Child builds a tower of 10 blocks and when shown, uses six blocks to build three tepees 5 years Child can thread large needle and sews Child will color pictures carefully and can copy adult writing and print their own name They can draw a picture of at least 3 objects and cut with a knife 6 years Child ties own shoe laces and dresses / undresses without any help Child can print 14-25 letters per minute 7 years precision in all areas 8 year s onwards Young adolescences fine motor skills will have improved as well as their concentration which enables them to perform more complex tasks. Some children may have developed a talent for music and play a musical instrument such as piano, ARP or violin Social, emotional and behavioral development O arrears Social development is the growth of a childs relationships with others. Solicitation is the process by which children learn the culture or way of life of the society into which they are born. It is learning the skills of living in society. Emotional development is the growth of childrens feelings about them and about an awareness of themselves. It is the development of a childs identity and self-image and also their feelings towards other people. Behavioral development is acting or reacting in a specific way. It is what we exhibit o others. It includes all that we do and say, both good and bad. Behavior is socially and culturally defined. At birth Bonding / attachment with mother A baby watches mothers face with increasingly alert facial expression Baby may give a fleeting smile may be wind of course 3 months A baby reacts with pleasure (smiling/cooing) to familiar situations / routines Baby puts everything in mouth and responds to different tones Unit Title MUM. 2 Baby plays peek-a-boo (may start earlier) and imitates hand-clapping Baby clings to familiar adults, and is reluctant to go to strangers from about 7 moths Child co-operates in dressing, will demonstrate affection and participates in nursery rhymes A child will wave goodbye Child will let you know when wet or soiled and helps with dressing A child is emotionally dependent on a familiar adult A child tries to sing and imitates what they see in the home A childs bowel control is sometimes attained Child alternates between clinging and resistance and plays contentedly alone near familiar adult A child competently spoon feeds themselves and drinks from a cup They love to be in an outside environment but are unaware of dangers A child is ware of their physical needs and can put on shoes and hat A child demands their chief careers attention and is often clingy A child will throw a tantrum if frustrated and enjoys parallel play Child uses spoon and fork and has increased independence in self-care A child can be dry night and day They are affectionate and usually co-operative They play co-operatively, particularly domestic play and try to pleas e Children can be boastful and bossy with a sense of humor developing

The Iran-Iraq War of 1980-1988

The Iran-Iraq War of 1980-1988 The Iran-Iraq War of 1980 to 1988 was a grinding, bloody, and in the end, completely pointless conflict. It was sparked by the Iranian Revolution, led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which overthrew Shah Pahlavi in 1978-79. Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, who despised the Shah, welcomed this change, but his joy turned to alarm when the Ayatollah began calling for a Shia revolution in Iraq to overthrow Saddams secular/Sunni regime. The Ayatollahs provocations inflamed Saddam Husseins paranoia, and he soon began calling for a new Battle of Qadisiyyah, a reference to the 7th-century battle in which the newly-Muslim Arabs defeated the Persians. Khomeini retaliated by calling the Baathist regime a puppet of Satan. In April  1980, Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz survived an assassination attempt, which Saddam blamed on the Iranians. As Iraqi Shias began to respond to the Ayatollah Khomeinis call for revolt, Saddam cracked down hard, even hanging Iraqs top Shia Ayatollah, Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, in April of 1980. Rhetoric and skirmishes continued from both sides throughout the summer, though Iran was not at all militarily prepared for war. Iraq Invades Iran On September 22, 1980, Iraq launched an all-out invasion of Iran. It began with airstrikes against the Iranian Air Force, followed by a three-pronged ground invasion by six Iraqi Army divisions along a 400-mile-long front in the Iranian province of Khuzestan. Saddam Hussein expected ethnic Arabs in Khuzestan to rise up in support of the invasion, but they did not, perhaps because they were predominantly Shiite. The unprepared Iranian army was joined by the Revolutionary Guards in their efforts to fight off the Iraqi invaders. By November, a corps of some 200,000 Islamic volunteers (untrained Iranian civilians) were also throwing themselves against the invading forces. The war settled into a stalemate throughout much of 1981. By 1982, Iran had gathered its forces and successfully launched a counter-offensive, using human waves of Basij volunteers to drive the Iraqis back from Khorramshahr. In April, Saddam Hussein withdrew his forces from Iranian territory. However, Iranian calls for the end to monarchy in the Middle East convinced reluctant Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to begin sending billions of dollars in aid to Iraq; none of the Sunni powers wished to see Iranian-style Shia revolution spreading southward. On June 20, 1982, Saddam Hussein called for a ceasefire that would return everything to the pre-war status quo. However, Ayatollah Khomeini rejected the proffered peace, calling for Saddam Husseins removal from power. The Iranian clerical government began to prepare for an invasion of Iraq, over the objections of its surviving military officers. Iran Invades Iraq On July 13, 1982, Iranian forces crossed into Iraq, heading for the city of Basra. The Iraqis, however, were prepared; they had an elaborate series of trenches and bunkers dug into the earth, and Iran soon ran short on ammunition. In addition, Saddams forces deployed chemical weapons against their opponents. The ayatollahs army was quickly reduced to complete dependence on suicide attacks by human waves. Children were sent to run across mine-fields, clearing the mines before the adult Iranian soldiers could hit them, and instantly become martyrs in the process. Alarmed by the prospect of further Islamic revolutions, President Ronald Reagan announced that the U.S. would do whatever was necessary to prevent Iraq from losing the war with Iran. Interestingly enough, the Soviet Union and France also came to Saddam Husseins aid, while China, North Korea, and Libya were supplying the Iranians. Throughout 1983, the Iranians launched five major attacks against the Iraqi lines, but their under-armed human waves could not break through the Iraqi entrenchments. In retaliation, Saddam Hussein sent missile attacks against eleven Iranian cities. An Iranian push through the marshes ended with them gaining a position just 40 miles from Basra, but the Iraqis held them there. The Tanker War In the spring of 1984, the Iran-Iraq War entered a new, maritime phase when Iraq attacked Iranian oil tankers in the Persian Gulf. Iran responded by attacking the oil tankers of both Iraq and its Arab allies. Alarmed, the U.S. threatened to join the war if the oil supply was cut off. Saudi F-15s retaliated for attacks against the kingdoms shipping by shooting down an Iranian plane in June  1984. The tanker war continued through 1987. In that year, U.S. and Soviet naval ships offered escorts to oil tankers to prevent them being targeted by the belligerents. A total of 546 civilian ships were attacked and 430 merchant seamen killed in the tanker war. Bloody Stalemate On land, the years 1985 to 1987 saw Iran and Iraq trading offensives and counter-offensives, without either side gaining much territory. The fighting was incredibly bloody, often with tens of thousands killed on each side in a matter of days. In February of 1988, Saddam unleashed the fifth and deadliest missile attack on Irans cities. Simultaneously, Iraq began to prepare a major offensive to push the Iranians out of Iraqi territory. Worn down by eight years of fighting and the incredibly high toll in lives, Irans revolutionary government began to consider accepting a peace deal. On July 20, 1988, the Iranian government announced that it would accept a UN-brokered ceasefire, although Ayatollah Khomeini likened it to drinking from a poisoned chalice. Saddam Hussein demanded that the Ayatollah revoke his call for Saddams removal before he would sign the deal. However, the Gulf States leaned on Saddam, who finally accepted the ceasefire as it stood. In the end, Iran accepted the same peace terms the Ayatollah had rejected in 1982. After eight years of fighting, Iran and Iraq returned to the antebellum status quo - nothing had changed, geopolitically. What had changed was that an estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 Iranians were dead, along with more than 300,000 Iraqis. Also, Iraq had seen the devastating effects of chemical weapons, which it later deployed against its own Kurdish population as well as the Marsh Arabs. The Iran-Iraq War of 1980-88 was one of the longest in modern times, and it ended in a draw. Perhaps the most important point to be drawn from it is the danger of allowing religious fanaticism on one side to clash with a leaders megalomania on the other.

Women Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women Smoking - Essay Example Due to the increased levels of smoking among women, the figure for deaths among women world-wide is set to double by 2020 (WHO, 1992). It is estimated that approximately 41,000 women die prematurely each year as a result of smoking in the U.K (Callum, 1995). Across the EU countries, the figure is estimated at 106,000. A total of 500,000 deaths per year is the estimated world total (WHO, 1992). A broad range of styles is offered to meet the expressed wants established as preferences by the different segments of the smoking population, for example women and these include taste, packaging and cigarette length, and these marketing strategies are targeted at women who are more concerned and worried about smoking but are less likely to quit. They look for more situational cues to smoke (Brown and Williamson, 1979). Smoking rates follow underprivilege, and these include the racial underprivilege. Statistics reflect that black women living in a society dominated by whites tend to have a higher smoking rate than their white counterparts. In America for example, the rates of lung cancer have increased faster among the black women than among white women.

XBUS Man Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

XBUS Man - Assignment Example Therefore, if Davis worked overtime, it was out of his wish since he was aware of the policy. The defendant claims though Davis was the meat market manager at the North Carolina branch he used to work at Martinsville, Virginia sometimes and he was warned about the overtime by the supervisor there but he chose still to ignore, maybe because he enjoyed his job and wouldn’t mind if he worked extra time. It is a federal law. The law that is being litigated is the Fair Labor Standards Act section 7(a). The Act states the circumstances on which an employee can do overtime and the reward for the overtime. It categorically states that for overtime to be effective there must be an agreement between the employer and employee. For them to come up with terms, that will be binding between them, concerning the overtime. The law however put the limits on the amount of reward the employee shall receive from the employer. The amount should not be less than one hundred and fifty percent as compared to what one earns per hour on a regular pay (â€Å"FairLaborStandAct.pdf†, n.d.). This law tries to bring harmony between the employee and employer regarding overtime. Over the years prior to the enactment of this law, employers misused labor by using their employees as slaves, thus the government found it necessary to develop a legal framework that will ensure smooth operation and relation at w orkplace. The employer has a stronger argument against the plaintiff that is Mr. Jerry S. Davis regarding the overtime compensation dispute. The law states very clearly that for overtime to be effective there must be an agreement between the employer and employee and in this agreement they should agree on reward. The plaintiff didn’t discuss with the employer on matter concerning overtime but rather thought since the law recognizes overtime he is entitled to be rewarded. The Act only gave direction on the minimum reward

Is Odysseus a superman Essay Example for Free

Is Odysseus a superman Essay Odysseus; the strong and brave god-like warrior in the Trojan War, who also possesses characteristics such as compassion, loyalty and talent as an orator, which makes him such a influential character within Homers novel: The Odyssey. The book, depicting the Adventures of Odysseuss misfortune, and the journey through which he must get home to reclaim his life, land and his dear wife, portrays Odysseus as the central character with the unmatchable strength and abilities. But do Odysseuss remarkable qualities classify him as a Superman, and by what means do we exactly class as a Superman? In my mind, a characteristic of Superhuman qualities is one which is that or beyond a normal humans. Therefore, we may classify Odysseuss characteristics as either of superhuman quality, or that like of a normal human beings. Odysseuss physical strength is one of his most remarkable and powerful qualities, which we come to learn of. It is because of this great strength, which allows him to throw the biggest discuss as the Phaeacian Games, hurtling it through the air where it landed far beyond the others. Book VIII The Phaeacian Games With this he leapt to his feet and, not even troubling to remove his cloak, picked up the biggest disk of all, a huge weight, more massive by far that those used in their regular matches. With one swing he launched it from his mighty hand, and the stone hummed on its course. The Phaeacians, lords of the sea and champions of the long oar, cowered down as it hurtled through the air; and so lightly did it fly from his hand that it overshot the marks of all the other throws. His strength is also what allows him to string and draw the great bow with little effort, before the great battle in the hall. Book XXI The Great Bow , he strung the Great Bow without effort or haste and with his right hand proved the string, which gave a lovely sound in answer like a swallows note. This great strength, which Odysseus possessed, was certainly beyond that of normal humans, as demonstrated in these examples and when the suitors failed to string and draw the bow as Odysseus displayed. Therefore, we may conclude that this quality is that in the nature of a Supermans as it is far greater than would normally be so. Odysseus also possessed other qualities, which were demonstrated within the novel. Apart from being the strong and powerful character, which he certainly was, he also had a softer, more timid side. Take for example the chapter in which Odysseus must talk with the ghosts of the dead in Hades. Here, Odysseus experiences panic and fright with what he must endure, as the underworld is that of a dismal and gloomy place. Book XI The Book Of The Dead From this multitude of souls, as they flustered to and fro by the trench, there came a moaning that was horrible to hear. Panic drained the blood from my cheeks. This panic and fright is certainly not of superhuman qualities, as they are stereotyped to be brave and valiant in all situations, which they might have to endure. Odysseus also experiences feelings of compassion and desire during his ventures: Book XI The Book Of The Dead Next came the souls of my dead mother, Anticleia, the daughter of the great Autoclycu, who had still been alive when Isaid farewell and sailed for sacred Ilium. My eyes filled with tears when I saw her there, and I was stirred to compassion. As my mother spoke, there came to me out of the confusion in my heart the one desire Thrice, in my eagerness to clasp her to me, I started forward with my hands outstretched. Thrice, like a shadow or a dream, she slipped through my arms and left me harrowed by an even sharper pain. As I have already mentioned, I have defined a quality that is not of superhuman nature, to be one, which is just as any normal human beings. It goes unsaid saying that normal human beings experience emotions of desire and compassion, and also that of panic and fear, from which we can infer that Odysseus also has qualities which are not like that of a Superman. From these observations and presumptions of the novel The Odyssey, I have found that Odysseus, the brave warrior who fought at Troy, and endured the callous ventures of his misfortunate voyage home, may be one of a diverse character. There is the side of him, which is the superiorly strong and brave fighter; capable of facing and conquering some of the most horrific and atrocious situations one must endure. This may be classified as a quality like that of a superhuman, one of which is that or greater than a normal humans. Then there is the softer and more emotional side, to which Odysseus demonstrates his feeling of compassion and desire, which may be noted as characteristics which are not like that of a superhuman, which I have established as like that of a normal human beings. From this we can conclude, that Odysseus, not only had qualities like that of a superman, but also possessed emotions and desires like that of a normal person.

A Change of Fate in A Tale of Two Cities Essay -- Tale Two Cities Essa

A Change of Fate in A Tale of Two Cities      Ã‚  Ã‚   Authors may use one character to instantaneously change the fate of another character. Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities presents such situations through the characters Lucie Manette, Dr. Manette and Charles Darnay. Lucie, unaware of the existence of her supposedly dead father, Dr. Manette, suddenly discovers through Jarvis Lorry that her father still lives. Lucie learns of the optimistic plans to return her beloved father back to a healthy condition and her future involvement in her father's life. Dr. Manette, after 18 years of imprisonment and harsh treatment, experiences detrimental harm to his mental state and loses his ability to lead a normal life. However, Lorry reunites Dr. Manette with his daughter and travels with them to England in hopes of brightening Dr. Manette's future and improving his deteriorated condition. Later, Charles Darnay, a prisoner in England on trial for treason, receives an acquittal, barely escaping death. Darnay avoids a hi ghly expected guilty verdict with the assistance of his defense lawyers, Mr. Stryver and Mr. Carton. By examining Lucie Manette, Dr. Manette and Charles Darnay, the reader comes to see that through the assistance and intervention of others, one's fate suddenly changes to benefit him.    Lucie Manette experiences a positive change of fate with the sudden intervention and assistance of Mr. Lorry. Lorry unexpectedly notifies Lucie of the existence of her father, as he describes his plans and her role in reviving Dr. Manette to a healthy state. "But he has been found. He is alive...Your father has been taken to the house of an old servant in Paris, and we are going there: I, to identify him if I can:... ...tance of other characters. Mr. Lorry reunites Lucie with her father, Dr. Manette, brightening the future of both of them. Lucie, deprived of a father during childhood, suddenly discovers the existence of her father and her golden opportunity to bond with him. Dr. Manette, troubled by years of harsh treatment, begins his once unimaginable path to recovery. Later, Charles Darnay, a prisoner suspected of treason, avoids a highly expected guilty verdict with assistance of his lawyers, Stryver and Carton. Dickens masterfully depicts that one's fate can change at any instant to benefit him. Hopefully, such a sudden and beneficial change of fate will occur to people worldwide, especially to those living in a constant state of fear and violence. Work Cited Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities. The Oxford Illustrated Dickens. 1949. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987.

Effectiveness of Prisons

As early as 1974, criminal rehabilitation programs were already considered ineffective as far as reducing recidivism (or the act of a released convict to return to crime) is concerned.This belief was brought about by the fact that majority of the studies which were conducted for the purpose of evaluating the efficacy of various rehabilitation programs showed almost no positive or meager positive results. In an article entitled â€Å"What Works—Questions and Answers About Prison Reform,† Robert Martinson, a sociologist, cited statistics which proved that many of the rehabilitation programs being implemented in the country’s prisons failed to show encouraging results.He, however, registered some reservations, citing the poor methodology being employed in such studies at the time. According to him, it was also possible that because â€Å"our research [was] so bad,† the correct results of the studies were just not properly indicated.This perception somehow cha nged during the 1980s with the advent of â€Å"meta-analysis† – a new statistical technique which utilized larger sample sizes than those used by previous studies. This technique did manage to show that â€Å"vocational, educational, behavior modification and other programs† indeed had modest results which ranged from 10 – 15 percent reduction in recidivism (Himelson, 2008).Religious Rehabilitation ProgramsAt almost the same time that criminal rehabilitation programs were losing their credibility, the Humaita Prison in Brazil was being turned into a religious community. The practice caught the attention of Byron Johnson who was then the director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Center for Research and Urban Civil Society because it gained international recognition. He found out that the day-to-day operations of the Humaita Prison were turned over to religious volunteers who â€Å"saturated the prison environment with religious programming and i nstruction.†In addition, family visits and spiritual mentoring were promoted. These innovative practices, Johnson learned, resulted to a recidivism rate of 16 percent after three years. This was much lower when compared to the recidivism rate of 36 percent which was registered by a different prison which offered vocational training to its inmates (Himelson, 2008).

Hyatt Curacao Management Team and Marketing Strategy Essay

According to Willemstad Curacao (2009), Diego Concha was been named broad manager of Hyatt Regency Curacao Golf Resort, Spa as well as Marina. He oversees the entire process of the 350-room resort, provides proficient control to a team of aggravated employees and adds his noted individual touch to guest dealings. Positioned along 1,500 acres of the Santa Barbara agricultural estate, a multi-faceted luxury resort society, The Hyatt Regency Curacao is seen. With refence to Agent at home Magazine(2010), Diego is the ultimate person to open Hyatt’s latest Caribbean resort, Carlos Cabrera is the higher-ranking vice president of ground operations for Hyatt Hotels Corporation. His experiences and proficiency in the area makes him supremely fit to help fuse Hyatt’s elevated level of values with the island’s rich artistic customs and refined contributions. There are five regional directors of revenue management who maintain the revenue managers and revenue maximization system. The regional directors are associated primarily by produce type, including huge convention, resorts and trade. The panel is dedicated to making Hyatt Regency Curacao the primary choice for leisure and commerce travelers in the Caribbean. And are dedicated to genuinely capturing the atmosphere of the resort. Hyatt uses a status of the art revenue management system to offer federal direction for pricing, division strategy and staff development. Revenue management, though, is supplementary than a computer system. It is an incorporated set of business process that brings together people and expertise, with the goal of accepting the market, anticipating customer behavior and responding fast to make best use of revenue opportunities that arise. Marketing strategy of Hyatt’s is planned to secure and build product value and awareness while gathering the specific business requirements of hotel operations. Creating and differentiating the brand location of Hyatt and our sub-brands is essential to growing Hyatt’s- brand first choice and demand, rate premium and linked business imperatives. Hyatt is paying attention on targeting the distinct consumer segments that each of our brands serves and sustaining the needs of the hotels by systematic analysis and appliance of data and analytics. There is a corresponding and integrated communication approach for the Hyatt master brand and each of the sub-brands from corner to corner in every distribution channel. They intend to retain and exploit the potential revenue of our existing customers and expand the number of new guests through an advertising approach powered by data and analytics. Sophisticated, quantitative strategic analytics and predictive model identify the most profitable customers, enabling Hyatt to leverage preference in all facets of marketing. The model is at present being utilized to enhance the value of our most loyal guests, the Gold Passport members, and inside three years, it will be activated all over the enterprise. Hyatt’s coordinated marketing initiatives gain a sub-set of hotels and resorts, as well as regional programs. Cost allotment is based on the balanced share of actualized room revenue for trailing twelve months of participating hotels in the beleaguered business segment. These include Summer Weekend vacation and Hyatt’s of Florida Group Marketing. It has full-service sumptuousness hotel will feature continuous water views on three sides, white sand beaches, a four-thousand square foot Hyatt Pure spa, separate twenty-four Hyatt Stay Fit fitness center, Camp Hyatt, several outdoor pools . The Corporate Marketing faction assigns a hotel marketing manager to each hotel to help market their personal property. The hotel marketing manager then assesses the property’s business requirements, issues and revenue- objectives and assists in the progress of the brand and promotional marketing programs. Hyatt’s marketing strategy is intended to secure and build brand value and awareness while meeting the precise business needs of hotel operations. Building and differentiating the brand location of Hyatt and our sub-brands is essential to increasing Hyatt’s brand preference and claim, rate premium and associated business imperatives. Hyatt is focused on targeting the diverse customer segments that each of our brands serves and sustaining the needs of the hotels by thorough analysis and use of analystics and data. Their intention is to retain and maximize the possible revenue of existing consumers and expand the number of new guests through a marketing approach powered by data and analytics. Sophisticated, quantitative planned analytics and predictive modeling identify the most profitable customers, enabling Hyatt to leverage partiality in all facets of marketing. The model is currently being utilized to improve the value of our most loyal guests, Gold Passport members, and in three years, it will be activated all over the enterprise. Coordinated Hyatt’s marketing initiatives benefit a sub-set of hotels with resorts, and also regional programs. In conclusion the business has been established in a manner that only good management can make it be what it is today. It consists of highly qualified personnel; this is from the manager to the staff. Hyatt Curaccao has a well market strategy with brand, analytic, field market, proper revenue management and management team. The Cost allocation is based on the balanced share of actualized room revenue for sprawling twelve months of participating hotels in the targeted business section this runs for a period of twelve months in order to stabilize the business. The Corporate Marketing group selects and assigns a hotel marketing manager to every hotel to help market their personal property. The marketing manager of the hotel assesses the business property, issues and revenue objectives and assists in the improvement of the brand and promotional marketing programs. This is all done in a professional manner.

Psychological Human Behavior essays

Psychological Human Behavior essays Psychology is the very important perspective for human nature. It is very much important for the individual environment. Psychology is very much a product of the Western tradition. Whereas a new psychology of the year 2000 contains both the eastern as well as the Western tradition (Frey, 04/06). Psychologist self-concept attitudes. Its related to Psyche means call a persons self concepts it includes what a person perceives from the persons the integrate part of human mind motion connected to those with bodily concepts. It however reflects true relationship with the mind-body concept. ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION addresses those domains of social behavior in which cognition plays a major role, including the interface of cognition with overt behavior, affect, and motivation. (Primis, 119). Major perspectives in Now, whats the concept of psychoanalysis is also a psychology at this point includes psychoanalysis, humanism and sociobiology. very important perspective. As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on observation that individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that determine their emotions and behavior. (Frey, 04/06). It is, in addition, a method for learning about the mind, and also a theory, a way of understanding the processes of normal everyday mental functioning and the stages of normal development from infancy to old age. (psychology.com). Furthermore, since psychoanalysis seeks to explain how the human mind works, it contributes insight into whatever the human mind produces.(apa.org) Sigmund Freud was the first psychoanalyst. Many of his insights into the human mind, which seemed so revolutionary at the turn of the century, are now widely accepted by most schools of psychological thought. Although others before and during his time had begun to recognize the role of unconscious mental understanding its importance. Although his ideas met with antagonism and resistance, Freud believed ...

General Carl Spaatz in World War II

General Carl Spaatz in World War II Carl Spaatz - Early Life: Carl A. Spatz was born at Boyertown, PA on June 28, 1891. The second a in his last name was added in 1937, when he grew tired of people mispronouncing his last name. Accepted to West Point in 1910, he earned the nickname Tooey due to his resemblance to fellow cadet F.J. Toohey. Graduating in 1914, Spaatz was initially assigned to the 25th Infantry at Schofield Barracks, HI as a second lieutenant. Arriving in October 1914, he remained with the unit for a year before being accepted into aviation training. Traveling to San Diego, he attended the Aviation School and graduated on May 15, 1916. Carl Spaatz - World War I: Posted to the 1st Aero Squadron, Spaatz took part in Major General John J. Pershings Punitive Expedition against Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa. Flying over the Mexican desert, Spaatz was promoted to first lieutenant on July 1, 1916. With the expeditions conclusion, he transferred to the 3rd Aero Squadron at San Antonio, TX in May 1917. Promoted to captain that same month, he soon began preparing to ship out to France as part of the American Expeditionary Force. Commanding the 31st Aero Squadron when he arrived in France, Spaatz was soon detailed to training duties at Issoundun. With the exception of one month at the British front, Spaatz remained at Issoundun from November 15, 1917 to August 30, 1918. Joining the 13th Squadron, he proved a skilled pilot and quickly earned promotion to flight leader. During his two months at the front, he downed three German aircraft and earned the Distinguished Service Cross. With the wars end, he was sent first to California and later Texas as the assistant department air service officer for the Western Department. Carl Spaatz - Interwar: Promoted to major on July 1, 1920, Spaatz spent the next four years as air officer for the Eighth Corps Area and commander of the 1st Pursuit Group. After graduating from the Air Tactical School in 1925, he was assigned to the Office of the Chief of Air Corps in Washington. Four years later, Spaatz achieved some fame when he commanded the Army aircraft Question Mark which set an endurance record of 150 hours, 40 minutes, and 15 seconds. Orbiting the Los Angeles area, Question Mark remained aloft through the use of primitive mid-air refueling procedures. In May 1929, Spaatz transitioned to bombers and was given command of the Seventh Bombardment Group. After leading the First Bombardment Wing, Spaatz was accepted at the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth in August 1935. While a student there he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Graduating the following June, he was assigned to the Office of the Chief of Air Corps as assistant executive officer in January 1939. With the outbreak of World War II in Europe, Spaatz was temporarily promoted to colonel that November. Carl Spaatz - World War II: The next summer he was sent to England for several weeks as an observer with the Royal Air Force. Returning to Washington, he received an appointment as assistant to the chief of Air Corps, with the temporary rank of brigadier general. With American neutrality threatened, Spaatz was named chief of the air staff at Army Air Force Headquarters in July 1941. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States entry into the conflict, Spaatz was promoted to the temporary rank of major general and named chief of the Army Air Force Combat Command. After brief tenure in this role, Spaatz took command of the Eighth Air Force and was charged with transferring the unit to Great Britain to commence operations against the Germans. Arriving in July 1942, Spaatz established American bases in Britain and began flying raids against the Germans. Shortly after his arrival, Spaatz was also named commanding general of the U.S. Army Air Forces in the European Theater. For his actions with the Eighth Air Force, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. With the Eighth established in England, Spaatz departed to lead the Twelfth Air Force in North Africa in December 1942. Two months later he was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant general. With the conclusion of the North Africa campaign, Spaatz became deputy commander of the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces. In January 1944, he returned to Britain to become the commander of US Strategic Air Forces in Europe. In this position he led the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. While focusing on German industry, his bombers also hit targets across France in support of the Normandy invasion in June 1944. For his accomplishments in bombing, he was awarded the Robert J. Collier Trophy for achievement in aviation. Promoted to the temporary rank of general on March 11, 1945, he remained in Europe through the German surrender before returning to Washington. Arriving in June, he departed the following month to become commander of US Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific. Establishing his headquarters on Guam, he led the final US bombing campaigns against Japan utilizing the B-29 Superfortress. In this role, Spaatz supervised the use of the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. With the Japanese capitulation, Spaatz was a member of the delegation that oversaw the signing of the surrender documents. Carl Spaatz - Postwar: With the war over, Spaatz returned to Army Air Force Headquarters in October 1945, and was promoted to the permanent rank of major general. Four months later, following the retirement of General Henry Arnold, Spaatz was named the commander of the Army Air Forces. In 1947, with the passage of the National Security Act and the establishment of the US Air Force as a separate service, President Harry S. Truman selected Spaatz to serve as the first Chief of the Staff of the US Air Force. He remained in this post until his retirement on June 30, 1948. Leaving the military, Spaatz served as a military affairs editor for Newsweek magazine until 1961. During this time he also fulfilled the role of National Commander of the Civil Air Patrol (1948-1959) and sat on the Committee of Senior Advisors to the Air Force Chief of Staff (1952-1974). Spaatz died on July 14, 1974, and was buried at the US Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs. Selected Sources Air Force Magazine: Carl A. SpaatzCarl Spaatz Overview

What is fairness (fair) and what is justice (just) Compare and Personal Statement

What is fairness (fair) and what is justice (just) Compare and contrast both - Personal Statement Example 161). It means all citizens have the same rights as anyone else, regardless of their station or lot in life. In Platos definition, justice means attending to the proper order of things in society. Justice means equal respect for the rights of everyone, without discrimination to age, gender, race, color, etc. Fairness, on the other hand, means a quality of being free from bias, inequity, injustice, or making decisions or judgments without any discrimination. To be fair means to be making the compromises necessary for all parties concerned, although it may not mean complete justice. The notion of fairness can be better understood in the norm of need. This means being fair is to help all people meet their needs according to what is just, and also based on resource constraints. Not all individuals can be given what they need, but some can partly be satisfied based on fairness. A good example is the obligation of the state to provide everyone with health insurance coverage but not everybody can be covered due to limitations of financial resources or budget cuts. In this connection, the Affirmative Action program was designed to address the fairness issue, with regards to access to educational and employment opportunities (Jansson, 2009, p. 30) and intended to counteract the discrimination suffered by some minorities or segment of society. It attempts to create an equal or level playing field, with the stated aim to achieve social

Exploration Missions on Mars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Exploration Missions on Mars - Essay Example Exploration Missions on Mars In the contemporary world, there have been numerous missions and these have included the Mars Odyssey, the Mars Express, the Mars Exploration Rovers, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiters and the Mars Science Laboratories. They have been developed to ensure that further knowledge of the planet is increased and this to such an extent that there is contemplation concerning sending a manned mission to Mars. This report seeks to show the extent to which the recent missions to Mars, especially within the twenty first century, have increased human knowledge concerning this planet and whether they have been successes. The Mars Odyssey mission is one of the most important in the twenty first century because it was the first successful mission to be launched in the new millennium. The orbiter involved in this mission reached the orbit of Mars in 2001 where it was able, through its gamma ray spectrometer, to detect a significant amount of hydrogen on the Martian surface, which allowed scientists to speculate that there, must be large amounts of water on the planet in the form of ice (Boynton et al, 2004,). Furthermore, its Phoenix lander was instrumental in confirming that Mars indeed had water and that this would allow for the conditions necessary to sustain life. It is essential to note that it was through this mission that scientists were able to determine were able to confirm the presence of water on the planet in the form of ice and it allowed for there to develop speculation concerning whether the ice ever thawed.

SCIE210 U3DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SCIE210 U3DB - Research Paper Example Proper sealing and insulation can help reduce the energy consumption at home (Leonard, 2007). For instance, a home with cracks that allows excessive airflow in the house causes the heating and cooling appliances to over work thereby consuming a lot of energy. To achieve this, there is need for homeowners to use the recommended R-valued insulators during construction, which may be a challenge especially when one is buying a home. The use of energy saving appliances is another simple step towards reducing energy consumption at home (Chiras, 2011). For instance, there are energy saving bulbs recommended by the U.S department of energy. These are just a few steps of reducing energy consumption at home. The development and production of vehicles that can use alternative energy sources has also been seen as advancement towards energy conservation. The U.S Department of energy (2013) gives the use of natural gas as one of the alternatives. The use of natural gas has one major advantage that it is renewable thereby offering energy security compared to using gasoline. In addition, I would consider using natural gas because it gives the same results of engine power just like gasoline and conserve the environment at the same time being it has low emissions (PNSC energy,

Overview of HTTPS and VPN

Overview of HTTPS and VPN HTTPS HTTPS (originally developed by Nestscape) stands for HyperText Transport Protocol Secure and is basically similar to an HTTP but uses a Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) as a sublayer for security purposes. It enables secure communication and connection between a remote user and a web server by encrypting and decrypting pages that are requested, delivered and received. For example, while using the web page that has a prefix https://, when the user clicks Send, to transmit the page back to the vendor or service provider, the HTTPS layer from the users browser will encrypt it. Likewise, the acknowledgment returned by or received from the server will also be transmitted in encrypted form, i.e., it will be delivered and will arrive encrypted, in turn to be decrypted for the user by the HTTPS sublayer of the users browser. In the likelihood that connection is compromised and intermediary hackers/attackers acquire the data being transmitted via HTTPS, the information would be undecipherable. Note that the decrypted data arriving at its destination is only as secure as the host computer. (Rouse.) Additionally, secure web sites also typically display a small padlock icon somewhere next to the URL. By clicking the lock icon, one is able to view the secure certificate that authenticates the website. (Christensen.) Not only is it the de facto protocol for conducting sensitive transactions on the web (especially ones that involve credit card and bank account information), it can also protect users from censorship by a government or an ISP.ÂÂ   (ComputerHope.com.) SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is a popular implementation of public-key encryption. Once the browser sends out the public key and the certificate, it checks to make sure that (1)ÂÂ   the certificate is provided by a trusted party; (2) the current certificate is valid; and (3)ÂÂ   the certificate has a relationship with the site generating it. The public key is used to encrypt a randomly selected symmetric key. In other words, most systems use a combination of public key and symmetric key encryption. Under a secure session, one computer creates a symmetric key and sends it to the other computer using public-keyÂÂ   encryption. When the session is completed, each computer disposes the key that was created and that was used for the particular session. For any ensuing sessions, a new symmetric key is created, and the routine is repeated. (ComputerHope.com.) VPN VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a private network that uses a public network to connect remote sites or users together instead of using a dedicated line or physical network connection. The virtual connections are routed through the Internet from a private network (such as a company) to the remote site (such as an employee). The technology enables the creation of an encrypted connection over a less secure network. A well-designed VPN incorporates security, reliability, scalability, network management and policy management (Cisco.com.) Two common types of VPN: Remote-Access (or, Virtual Private Dial-up Network [VPDN]), is a user-to-LAN connection created by a company for its employees who are on various remote locations and who need to connect to the private network. Site-to-Site (categorized into intranets or extranets) uses dedicated equipment and large-scale encryption and can connect multiple fixed sites over a public network such as the Internet, or over a large distance (much like a WAN), with each site needing only a local connection to the same public network. (Cisco.com.) In order to gain access to the private network, a user must first be authenticated by using a unique PIN (personal identification number) and a password. The PIN changes according to a specific frequency, usually every 30 seconds or so. VPN technology uses complex algorithm encryption to guarantee secure and private communicationÂÂ   as well as to prevent any unintentional or unauthorized interception of data between private sites. (whatismyipaddress.com.) Commonality/Difference VPNs use IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) connection to tunnel between the two endpoints and require third-party hardware and/or software. An extra layer of security is provided since in order to access or connect to a VPN, the remote device must have an IPSec client software application installed but must also have it properly configured. In other words, although all data/traffic is encrypted, users on can only access the encrypted applications that they are configured to access in the SSL VPN connection and not the entire network. (Lifewire.com.) HTTPS relies on SSL, which is a common protocol that most web browsers have built in. The secure connection exists between the users browser and the server or a specific web site. All data exchanged between the two are encrypted. Unlike VPN, it does not provide access to anything other than what is currently being communicated. Comparatively, it does not require an authentication code or PIN. Instead it creates a temporary public or symmetric key, which is discarded as soon as the communication is finished.