Economic Development

Question: Write an essay on the article "School attendance, child labour, and remittances from international migration in El Salvador". Answer: Article 1: School attendance, child labor, and remittances from international migration in El Salvador (Acosta, 2011) The main article discussed in this assignment is related with child labor, which is developed by Acosta (2011). The topic of this research work is school attendance, child labor and remittance from international migration in El Salvador. The main purpose of this journal article is to find out the impact of remittance on childrens human capital investment and child labor. It has been found from this research work that, flow of remittance has become one of the major sources of income for various developing countries. International migrant remittances can improve household budget, create opportunity for recipient household. It can increase investment on childrens human capital and can decrease overall child labor, in context of economic growth for developing countries. In this journal article, the data of El Salvador has been used to gain three major outcomes. This article indicated that remittances have null or insignificant impact on the schooling of children. It has been analyzed tha t there is a strong reduction of child wage labor found in the remittance-recipient family. It has also been found that there is a significant amount of unpaid family work activities can be found for children in those households. This journal article also show that there is a significant difference is considered among children depending on their age and gender. It has been found that attendance of girls in schools has been increased due to remittance receipts by reducing labor activities. On the contrary, boys do not get any major benefit from remittance receipts. The data utilized in this research article come from the cross-sectional national representative household survey done in the year of 1998. There are various types of questions have been asked in this survey such as whether the family receives transfers from abroad not. They are also asked about the amount and frequency of transfer as well. From this research work it can be analyzed that recipients and non-recipients of remittance can be differentiated with the help of certain demographic and socio-graphic characteristics. All these differences have attribute in the selection into remitting and selection into migration. It has been found that households that receive remittance certainly vary in accordance to their position in the well-being distribution. On the other hand, non-remittance income is not useful to measure the well-being of a family as it does not count the migrant potential income. In this journal article, a table has been given to find out the impact of remittance on the school attendance rate of children. The traditional OLS (probit) tool has been used for this purpose. In this analysis, children who belong to the age group of 10-18 years are considered, as they have better opportunity to get an outside work than younger children do. In this table in addition to remittance, there are various other factors have been indicated which have impact on the child labor rate. These factors are such as gender, children, socio-economic characteristics and geographic location. It has also been found from the study that children have differ of chances to attend school depending the number of siblings they have. From the conclusion part, it has been found that remittance can affect the human capital of children in developing countries. It has also been found from a research work that remittance have significant impact ion children school attendance on average. It has been found from this research work that incase of school-aged group children the effect of remittance can be negative for educational context. Finally, it can be said that among families remittance do not have same impact on children across age groups and genders. Article 2: International migration, remittances, and schooling: evidence from El Salvador (Coc-Edward Ureta, 2003) In the research work developed by Acosta (2011), citation has been given from the journal article developed by Coc-Edward and Ureta (2003). The name of their journal article is international migration, remittance and schooling. For this research, the evidence is also gathered from El Salvador. In this research work, the impact of remittances on familys schooling decisions has been analyzed using data of El Salvador. During 1980s emigration, remittance has become a significant source of income. The sample rate used for this study is 14,286 individuals between the age group of 6 to 24. This survey was done in the year of 1997 and known as Annual Household survey. In this research work, the model of Cox proportional hazard has been used in order to determine the school attendance rate. It has been found from this research work that remittance has significant impact on the school retention of children. It has been found that the impact of remittance changes with the change of demographic location of a family. In case of urban areas, the effect of remittance on schooling is 10 times lesser than its impact in rural areas. It has been found from the research work that, even if parents have low level of schooling subsidized school attendance have grate impact on the schooling rate of children particularly in rural areas. In this research work, the behaviors of families in rural and urban areas have been analyzed. It has been stated in this research work that a major factor cannot be controlled in this analysis, which is the impact of the demand of schooling in urban areas. It has been found that schools are readily available in Urban Areas. For this reason schooling rate in urban areas is automatically high. It has been analyzed from this research work that parental schooling is only covariate with a different impact on the hazard of leaving school at various levels in case of both urban and rural areas. Article 3: Understanding abusive child labor practices in the shadow of the Arab spring (Ganideh Good, 2015) Ganideh and Good (2015) have developed a research work where they used the reference of the journal article developed by Acosta (2011). The topic of their research work is to find out and understand abusive child labor practices in the shadow of the Arab spring. It has been found from this research work that the civil war of Syria has forced thousands of children and women to become refugees in Jordon. It has increased the total amount of child labor dramatically in that country. The aim of this research work is to analyze the issues that the child labors of Jordon are facing presently. In this research work, an investigation has been done to find pout verbal and non-verbal abuses towards the working children. It has also been investigated in a research work that, whether there is any difference between the treatment of Syrian and domestic refugee child labors. In order to conduct this research work in appropriate manner, quantitative research design has been used. Data were gathered from 124 Syrian and Jordanian working children during the year of 2013. It has been found that Jordanian children are forced to worked due to their poverty, while Syrian children were driven to work due to their need for asylum. It has been found that verbal abuse is the most common type issues that child labors have to face. It has also been analyzed in a research work that, children who have unstable family background, older children and the children who work for long hours are most vulnerable to verbal abuse. It has been found form the data analysis that Syrian children are paid much less than Jordanian children and they are less verbally abused. They have better schooling and better working condition in co mparison to their counterparts of Jordon. This research work helps to increase awareness preventing abusive practices towards Syrian and Jordanian children labors. After analyzing all three research works related with child labor it can be stated that, child labor is the activity that disables a child from going school. Child labor is the utilization of human capital, which becomes necessary to increase the standard of living and income (Lu, 2012). A graph has been given below to analyze the situation of child labor in the global market. Figure 1: Graph of child labor (Source: Hu, 2012) From this graph it has been found that 76% of the child labors belong to the age group of 7-14. The percentage of child labor is higher in rural areas (42.7%) rather than urban areas (24.6%) (Hu, 2012). It shows how factors such as geographic location and age group of can affect child labor rate. In most of the countries, it has been found that there is certain percentage of human capital comes from child labor. The major adverse impact of child labor is that it hampers their schooling and education (Adser Tienda, 2012). From the Child Labor report, it has been found that in 1998 there are approximately 2 million children in Mexico were not enrolled in schools due to financial constraints due to poverty (Hu, 2012). It can be stated that these children and their family needs remittance from abroad, which can help them to improve their standard of life. This type of remittance can help these families to understated that child labor is harmful (Alcaraz, Chiquiar Salcedo, 2012). If the ir life standards become improved, then these families might think about enrolling their children in schools instead of sending them to work (Alcaraz, Chiquiar Salcedo, 2012). It has been found that children who work for long hours are vulnerable to abuse. Staying longer hours in this type of severe working condition can cam become an obstacle in the physical and mental development of children. Every child must have the opportunity to grow in safe environment (Gardner, 2012). Hence, it is the responsibility of government to control child labor. They need to understand that making policies are not the appropriate solution. Increasing awareness about the severity of child labor and increase remittance can help to control child labor and increase school attendance rate. Reference list Acosta, P. (2011). School attendance, child labour, and remittances from international migration in El Salvador.Journal of Development Studies,47(6), pp.913-936. Adser, A., Tienda, M. (2012). Comparative perspectives on international migration and child well-being.The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,643(1), pp.6-15. Al Ganideh, S. F., Good, L. K. (2015). Understanding abusive child labor practices in the shadow of the Arab spring.Journal of Childrens Services,10(1), pp.76-91. Alcaraz, C., Chiquiar, D., Salcedo, A. (2012). Remittances, schooling, and child labor in Mexico.Journal of Development Economics,97(1), pp.156-165. Cox, A., Ureta, M. (2003).International migration, remittances, and schooling: evidence from El Salvador. National Bureau of Economic Research. Gardner, K. (2012). Transnational migration and the study of children: An introduction.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,38(6), pp.889-912. Halliday, T. J. (2012). Intra-household labor supply, migration, and subsistence constraints in a risky environment: Evidence from rural El Salvador.European Economic Review,56(6), 1001-1019. Hu, F. (2012). Migration, remittances, and children's high school attendance: The case of rural China.International Journal of Educational Development,32(3), pp.401-411. Huijsmans, R., Baker, S. (2012). Child Trafficking:Worst Formof Child Labour, or Worst Approach to Young Migrants?.Development and Change,43(4), pp.919-946. Lu, Y. (2012). Education of children left behind in rural China.Journal of Marriage and Family,74(2), 328-341. Rodriguez, C., Sanchez, F. (2012). Armed conflict exposure, human capital investments, and child labor: Evidence from Colombia.Defence and peace economics,23(2), pp.161-184. Stillman, S., Gibson, J., McKenzie, D. (2012). The impact of immigration on child health: experimental evidence from a migration lottery program.Economic Inquiry,50(1), pp.62-81.